International Research Journal of Ayurveda and Yoga
International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga (IRJAY) is a monthly (12 issues per year ) online peer reviewed international Journal. It is an open access online journal. This journal provide platform for PG scholars teachers and researchers to publish their good & quality work in the field of Ayurveda, Yoga and Integrative medicine. IRJAY is developed for the researchers, scholars, scientists, post-docs and students who are seeking a platform for publishing their research work. This is the journal advised and developed by eminent and internationally renowned Ayurvedic professors, scientists and scholars. The journal aimed to publish high quality review articles, authentic research work,clinical trials and new innovative ideas. IRJAY confirms its adherence with guidelines and best practices published by professional organizations, including Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals (http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf) from ICMJE and Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing (joint statement by COPE, DOAJ, WAME, and OASPA; (http://doaj.org/bestpractice).
International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga
Literary Review on Apana Vayu W.S.R. to Micturition
The primary goal of Ayurveda is to understand the fundamental principles of the Indian system of medicine and apply them for effective disease management. Ayurveda offers various concepts that explain and maintain individual health. Among these, the concepts of Dosha, Dhatu, and Mala are regarded as the foundational pillars of Ayurveda. The core theory underlying these principles is the Tri-Dosha Siddhanta, which states that Vata, Pitta, and Kapha are responsible for maintaining the body’s physiological functions. Vata Dosha governs all movement-related activities within the body and is further categorized into five subtypes, one of which is Apana Vayu. Apana Vayu is formed during the final stage of digestion, known as Katu Paka. Along with Samana Vayu, it aids in the breakdown of digested food and the formation of Kitta (excreted waste). Apana Vayu plays a crucial role in the excretory process by regulating the elimination of urine and feces. Notably, the action of voiding urine and feces is primarily governed by Apana Vayu, except in infants. This article aims to elaborate on the literature related to Apana Vayu in the context of the urinary mechanism. Micturition is a physiological process through which urine is expelled from the urinary bladder, controlled by a reflex mechanism that facilitates voluntary control over urination. To explore this correlation, studied classical Ayurvedic texts alongside modern physiological concepts to provide a detailed analysis of Apana Vayu’s role in micturition. This article is a humble attempt to highlight the relationship between Apana Vayu and micturition, exploring whether a direct resemblance exists between the two concepts.
Apana vayu, Ayurveda, Micturition, Saman Vayu, Tri-Dosha
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The Inter-Relationship between Prakriti, Diet, and Lifestyle: A Review
Ayurveda, the ancient science of life, emphasizes personalized health through the concept of Prakriti (individual constitution). This constitutional type forms the basis for prescribing suitable diet and Lifestyle regimens to maintain health and prevent disease. It is considered an important concept of Ayurveda that explains individuality. Prakriti is a fundamental concept accepted by all Acharyas, falling into the category of Sarvtantra Siddhanta. The concept of Prakriti is scattered all over the texts, covering all aspects of health maintenance as well as disease manifestation. This review explores the interconnectedness of Prakriti, diet (Ahara), and Lifestyle (Vihara), referencing classical Ayurvedic texts. The understanding of this inter-relationship aids in disease susceptibility assessment, treatment planning, and promotion of holistic well-being. A deeper understanding of Prakriti allows practitioners to approach health in a truly individualized manner, integrating physical, psychological, environmental, and behavioral dimensions.
Ayurveda, Diet, Lifestyle, Prakriti, Regimen
Brahma Muhurta and Circadian Rhythms: A Gateway to Optimal Health
Introduction: Ayurveda is a holistic science that improves the quality of life and provides curative measures for various disorders, thereby maintaining the health of millions of people. By following the rules of Dinacharya and Ritucharya, one can enhance their longevity. Dinacharya begins with Brahma Muhurta Jagarana. Brahma Muhurta is a specific time that recharges the biological clock in humans and maintains its rhythm and pattern throughout the day. Circadian rhythm is a biological process with an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of approximately 24 h. External factors, such as light and temperature, affect the circadian rhythm in humans. Objectives: To study Brahma Muhurta and circadian rhythm as a gateway to optimal health. Methodology: This research was conducted through a comprehensive review of research articles and classical Ayurveda texts, focusing on Brahma Muhurta and its correlation with the circadian rhythm. Results: A person’s lifestyle also affects this clock, resulting in undesirable traits and diseases. Brahma Muhurta is ideal for meditation and yogic practices, and one’s memory becomes sharp, leading them toward the ultimate goal of yoga, i.e., Moksha. Conclusion: Brahma Muhurta is essential for spiritual evolution, and a person who wakes up early in the morning slows down their aging process. This regimen supports the preservation of health and longevity in individuals free from illness.
Brahma Muhurta, Dinacharya, Meditation, Ritucharya, Spiritual evolution
Kapalabhati: A Scientific Analysis of its Physical, Mental, and Biochemical Effects
Kapalabhati, a revered ancient yogic breathing practice, serves as a powerful tool for enhancing physical, mental, and hormonal equilibrium. Through rapid, rhythmic inhalations and exhalations, this technique optimizes oxygen delivery across the body, promoting detoxification, energy homeostasis, and improved blood circulation. Scientifically, it has been shown to activate mitochondrial function, enhance protein synthesis, and regulate neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, thus fostering mental clarity and emotional stability. Moreover, Kapalabhati stimulates the endocrine system, harmonizing the secretion of key hormones such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and insulin. This leads to improved metabolic efficiency and better regulation of blood pressure. By mitigating oxidative stress, it activates antioxidant enzymes and supports cellular repair and regeneration. Empirical evidence substantiates that this offers a comprehensive approach to physical, psychological, and emotional well-being, establishing it as a scientifically validated and effective method for holistic health optimization.
Hormonal balance and mental health, Kapalabhati, Oxidative stress reduction, Respiratory function enhancement
Immunomodulatory and Therapeutic Profile of Tinospora Cordifolia Linn. (Guduchi): A Phytopharmacological Review
With the prime motive of preventing, promoting health and curing, treating diseases, Ayurveda has been into preaching and practicing for ages. With the holistic approach of managing diseases, Ayurveda has its established way of dealing a Vyadhi, with nature-based medical products. Guduchi, Tinospora cordifolia Linn. Being such a medicinal herb has been in Ayurvedic clinical use for its immense potential to heal and promote health. Ayurveda classics as well as modern day researches have shown a wide spectrum of utility of Guduchi. Guduchi has been termed to be anti-hyperglycaemic, anti oxidant, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular-protective, anti-allergic, anti-anxiety and stress, immunomodulatory, and many more. Since, Guduchi has a significant role in health preservation and treatment of diseases, this phytopharmacological review explores the immunomodulatory and therapeutic profile of Tinospora Cordifolia Linn. (Guduchi).
Ayurveda, Guduchi, Immunomodulatory, Tinospora cordifolia Linn.
Impact of Yogic Interventions on Biochemical, Physical, and Physiological Parameters among Obese Female Students (21–24 years)
Background: In the era of electronic gadgets, where information and technology are just clicks away, the health goals are getting farther and difficult to achieve. Modern yoga is playing a key role in upgrading our lifestyle and mental peace to achieve the longevity of life. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of yogic practices on the selected biochemical, physical, and physiological variables of obese college students. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 obese college students were selected and categorized into two groups, i.e., group 1 (yoga practice group) and group 2 (control group). All the testing and recording were done for both groups, the control group and the yoga practice group, on the baseline day and after 12 weeks of training. All the students were assessed on the same day and in the same place, hall/laboratory, to exclude the environmental factors. The biochemical variables, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein, were assessed in the laboratory. The physiological variables, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure, were recorded in the yoga hall. The body composition was assessed with the help of skin folds and body mass index. A total period of 12 weeks of training program was designed and practiced by the students for the purpose of the study. Descriptive analysis and one-way analysis of variance were done for the purpose of analyzing the data. Results and Conclusion: A significant difference was found in biochemical variables and physical variables. There was also a significant difference found in systolic blood pressure. However, no significant difference was found in respiratory rate, pulse rate, and diastolic blood pressure. The findings of the research reviews express that the changes in body composition are the result of long-term training. Yoga adopted as a lifestyle practice will help improve the status of cardiovascular health and respiratory health.
Body mass index and respiratory rate, High-density lipoprotein, Low-density lip
A Clinical Study on Gridhrasi (Sciatica) with Special Reference to Ruk (Pain) and its Management with Krushna Churnam
Low back pain is one of the most common diseases affecting 30% of patients attending the general outpatient department. It affects the people of all ages from young adults to elder one. Sciatica is the most appearing one among the low back disorder. It is a condition in which pain radiating along the sciatica nerve, which runs down one or both legs from the lower back. The pain in Sciatica sometimes hampers the person’s daily activities because of its intensity. Gridhrasi in Ayurveda is the best simulation of the disease Sciatica. In Gridhrasi, pain starts from Sphik (Hip) and runs down to Kati prustha (Low back), Uru (thigh), Jaanu (Knee), Jangha (calf), and Pada (foot) (Ref- Ch-28/56-57). Along with pain it may be associated with stiffness, heaviness based on doshik involvements. Pain being the primary symptom needs pain killers for its relief. Ayurveda has a good scope in managing the pain of Gridhrasi through oral medications as well as therapeutic procedures, such as Panchakarma. Here in this study, the medication that has been chosen is the Krushna churnam (Ref- B.R.26/53), which is applied on 25 patients of both genders at Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya and Hospital, Puri along with another 25 patients were given the control drug Etoricoxib molecule in a Randomized controlled clinical trial method. After 30 days, the results obtained are encouraging, such as 72% got maximum improvement in trial drug and 68% in control drug.
Gridhrasi, Katiprustha, Krushna churnam, Sciatica, Sphik
A Clinical Study on the Efficacy of Shreshtanimbadi Decoction in the Management of Kaphaja Shirsha Shoola
Shirsha Shoola (Headache) is a very common condition of current society. Ayurveda Acharyas have been explained Shirsha Shoola as a type of Shiro Roga (diseases in the head). Kaphaja Shirsha Shoola is a common type of 07 Shirsha Shoola types. Kaphaja Shirsha Shoola occurs mainly due to vitiation of Kapha Dosha and Vata Dosha. With signs and symptoms, this condition can be correlated with chronic sinusitis. Shreshtanimbadi decoction consist of ten ingredients; Thriphala (Emblica officinalis, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula), Nimba Tvak (Azadirachta indica), Patola (Trichosanthes cucumerina L.), Megha (Cyperus rotundus), Rajini (Curcuma Longa), Thrayanthi (Baccopa Monneiri), Hema (Cassia angustifolia), and Amrita (Tinospora ordifolia). These herbs, which pacify vitiated Vata Dosha and Kapha Dosha to treat Kaphaja Shirsha Shoola. Forty selected patients were randomly divided into two groups of 20 for each treatment arm and controlled arm. The treatment group was treated with 120 ml of decoction of Shreshtanimbadi twice a day for 14 days. The second group was treated with 120 mL of placebo twice a day for 14 days. All patients were advised to follow Pathya (Wholesome food and behaviors). Assessment has been done before and after treatments. After treatment, treatments arm most of the patients’ symptoms were completely or partially relieved compared to controlled group (P < 0.001). Such as headache with76.91%, heaviness of the head from 87.9%, loss of appetite from 78.67%, peri-orbital edema from 73.20%, and ear itching from 70.00%. After the treatment, nine patients have been completely cured and all patients have been showed reduction of symptoms. It is observed that the Shreshta nimbadi decoction is beneficial for Kaphaja Shirsha Shoola (chronic sinusitis) Management.
Ayurveda, Headache, Shiro Roga, Shirsha shoola, Sinusitis
A Review Article on Katishoola with Special Reference to Lumbar Spondylosis
In the new millennium, the progressive and fast lifestyle, unhealthy eating habits, work which includes long sitting hours, improper sitting and sleeping postures, frequent traveling, jerks while traveling, sports activities, and lack of physical and mental exercises have been known to cause one of the most common complain to visit a doctor which is the low backache. Spondylosis refers to the degenerative changes in the spine, such as bone spurs and degenerative changes in the intervertebral disc. Lumbar spondylosis is a musculoskeletal disorder in which there is degeneration of the lumbar spine which causes low backache. The degenerative change is followed by the narrowing of the intervertebral disc space, which leads to compression of the spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord. This compression of the spinal nerves leads to pain, numbness, stiffness, and tingling sensation in the legs. In Ayurveda, low backache can be correlated with Katishoola, which is a “Vataja Nanatmaja Vyadhi” and produces symptoms such as pain and stiffness in the Katipradesha.
Katishoola, Lumbar Spondylosis, Vataja Nanatmaja Vyadhi
The Therapeutic Effects of Viparita Karani Mudra on Non-Communicable Diseases
Objective: To explore the physiological and energetic effects of inverted yogic posture – Viparita Karani Mudra in managing non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Methods: A review of classical yogic texts (Hatha Yoga Pradipika, Gheranda Samhita) combined with an analysis of recent scientific literature was conducted to assess the impact of these asanas on various body systems. Observations: These postures enhance circulation, stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, regulate thyroid and autonomic nervous systems, and promote upward movement of Pranic energy. Clinical studies report reduced stress, improved immunity, and balanced cardiovascular parameters. Discussion: Viparita Karani integrates physical and energetic mechanisms, activating chakras and facilitating parasympathetic dominance, thus supporting holistic health. Precautions are necessary for those with cervical or ocular vulnerabilities. Conclusion: Inverted asanas serve as safe, complementary interventions in NCD management by harmonizing body, mind, and energy systems and augmenting conventional treatments.
Chakras, Holistic Health, Non-Communicable Diseases, Viparita Karani, Yoga Therapy
Deciphering Timira: A Critical appraisal of Visual Pathologies in Ayurveda
Introduction: Visual disturbances are prevalent in ophthalmic practice, significantly impacting daily life. Ayurveda classifies such disorders under Drishtigata Rogas, with Timira being a primary condition characterized by progressive vision loss due to Dosha accumulation in the eye’s Patalas (layers). Methods: This review analyzes classical Ayurvedic texts – Sushruta Samhita, Charaka Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya—to elucidate Timira’s etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features. The Nidana Panchaka framework (causative factors, prodromal symptoms, clinical features, therapeutic assessment, and pathogenesis) guides the understanding of Timira’s progression and management. Results: Timira progresses as vitiated Doshas ascend through Rupavaha Siras into the ocular Patalas, causing sequential visual deterioration across four stages – from blurred vision (early refractive errors) to complete blindness (optic nerve damage). Dosha-specific features include Vataja: motion-like haziness, Pittaja: Light flashes and halos, Kaphaja: dull, cloudy vision, and Raktaja: multicolored darkness. These manifestations align with modern conditions, such as myopia, cataracts, and retinal diseases. Conclusion: Ayurveda’s detailed classification of Timira offers a comprehensive framework for understanding visual disorders. The correlation between Timira’s stages and modern ophthalmic conditions underscores the potential of integrative approaches in diagnosis and treatment, bridging traditional knowledge with contemporary eye care practices.
Ayurveda, Cataract, Dosha, Drishtigata Rogas, Refractive Errors, Timira, Visual Disorders
Myopia and Timira: A Cross-sectional Review of Modern and Ayurvedic Perspectives
Myopia is the most common refractive error and a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide, particularly affecting children and adolescents. With projections indicating that nearly half of the global population will be myopic by 2050, uncorrected refractive errors pose a significant public health concern. Modern ophthalmology primarily addresses myopia through optical correction and surgical interventions, focusing on symptom relief without altering disease progression. In contrast, Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, describes a condition called Timira under Netra Roga, which shares remarkable similarities with myopia in terms of symptoms, etiology, and progression. This study offers a comparative analysis of Myopia and Timira based on classical Ayurvedic texts and contemporary medical literature. It explores the correlation between the two conditions in aspects such as pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment modalities. Ayurvedic concepts of Dosha imbalance, especially involving Vata and Pitta, align with modern risk factors, such as genetic predisposition, excessive near work, and nutritional deficiencies. Management in Ayurveda focuses on systemic detoxification, ocular rejuvenation, and lifestyle modifications, offering a more holistic approach. The integration of Ayurvedic and modern perspectives can lead to a more comprehensive, preventive, and sustainable model for managing myopia, especially in the younger population. This interdisciplinary approach holds promise in addressing both the symptoms and root causes of refractive errors effectively.
Nidana Panchaka Patala Refractive error Prathamapatalagata Timira
Ayurvedic Strategies for Managing Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Holistic Approach
Metabolic disorders are now widespread even among seemingly healthy individuals. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of them, NAFLD is a spectrum of liver disorders characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver, unrelated to alcohol consumption. It can progress from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, potentially leading to cirrhosis. NAFLD is closely linked to metabolic syndrome, obesity, and insulin resistance. NAFLD doesn’t directly align with any single Yakrit vikara (liver disorder) described in Ayurvedic classical texts. However, it may share characteristics with the conditions of Medoroga (obesity) and Yakrit Roga (liver disorders), where improper diet and lifestyle lead to an imbalance in the Doshas. This imbalance results in impaired digestion and the accumulation of Ama, contributing to fat deposition in the liver. Ayurvedic Management of NAFLD offers a comprehensive strategy by focusing on improving liver functions, reducing oxidative stress, and boosting metabolism. Treatment of NAFLD involves a combination of dietary modifications, lifestyle changes, Samshodhana karma, and Ayurvedic formulations.
Hepatotoxic drug, Lifestyle changes, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Samshodhana karma
Vyadhibala and its Assessment – A Narrative Review
Ayurveda is a comprehensive medical system based on ancient medicine. To become an expert and achieve dominance in clinical approaches, one must possess a thorough comprehension of science. In clinical medicine, the first stage is a thorough evaluation of the patient, which is followed by the planning of appropriate therapies. If a doctor starts treating patients without properly diagnosing the condition, achieves the desired result by accident, and does not become well-known. Conversely, a doctor will undoubtedly succeed if he gives medications following a correct diagnosis and develops the primary course of care after taking the morbidity of pathogenetic variables, strength, location, season, etc., into account. Charak described Roga Pariksha and Rogi Pariksha for the diagnosis and prognosis of a disease. Rogabala can be assessed by Nidana Panchakas, i.e., Nidana (etiology), Purvarupa (premonitory signs and symptoms), Rupa (signs and symptoms), Upashaya (explorative theories), Samprapti (pathogenesis) along with the knowledge of Sadhyasadhyata, Ama-Nirama Avastha, Upadrava (complications), Arista (bad prognostic indicators), and the efficiency of Chikitsa Chatushpada. Assessing Rogabala is essential for proper diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and academic research in Ayurveda. It determines severity, predicts disease progression, and guides treatment intensity. A well-researched study on Rogabala can bridge traditional knowledge with modern clinical applications, improving the effectiveness of Ayurvedic treatments. Ayurveda, the science of life, maintains the health of a healthy individual and cures the disease of a patient. At present, people are suffering from different kinds of diseases, which are idiopathic, immunosuppressive, and diseases of different origins. As per Astanga Hridaya, the term Roga refers to the imbalance in the proportions of Doshas.[1] The word Roga refers to any kind of pain or discomfort that will be observed in diseased people. Roga is derived from Ruk or Ruja. Assessment of the strength of a Roga is very important for a clinician for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Before giving any kind of treatment, one has to identify the actual illness the individual is suffering from, and then only the physician has to give appropriate medications. Rogabalas here stands for the strength of Roga, the Avastha, or stages of Roga, whether it will be cured or become chronic with the production of disabilities in a patient or may cause death of the patient. The following factors have to be employed during the proper diagnosis of the disease.
Dehabala, Panchanidan, Pareeksha, Rogabala
Majjagni: A Classical Ayurvedic Appraisal of Marrow Metabolism and its Pathogenetic Role in Majja Pradoshaja Vikara
Introduction: In Ayurvedic physiology, Majjagni (the tissue-specific metabolic fire associated with Majja Dhatu) plays a critical role in the biotransformation, nourishment, and maintenance of bone marrow and neural tissues. Despite its critical significance, the precise physiological and pathological dimensions of Majjagni, particularly in the context of Majja Pradoshaja Vikara, remain under-defined within classical discourse. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of classical Ayurvedic treatises and standard reference texts was undertaken to delineate the Ayurvedic understanding of Majjagni. Descriptive analysis and thematic synthesis were employed to interpret its role in tissue metabolism and disease causation. Discussion: The review highlights Majjagni as a key determinant in sustaining Majja Dhatu homeostasis, supporting structural integrity, immunity, and neural function. Aberrations in Majjagni lead to the onset of Majja Pradoshaja Vikara, characterized by either pathological accumulation or depletion of marrow tissue, resulting in systemic and neuromuscular dysfunction. Classical Ayurvedic text also attributes a stimulatory role to Vata, which aligns conceptually with modern neuroendocrine regulation. Interpretive correlations with pituitary-adrenal hormones and hematopoietic modulators underscore Ayurveda’s sophisticated recognition of the neuroendocrine-immune dynamics governing marrow metabolism. Conclusion: However, the lack of explicit diagnostic criteria for Majjagni-mediated pathologies remains a key limitation, warranting further research to refine its clinical assessment and enhance its relevance within Ayurvedic diagnostics and therapeutic frameworks.
Adrenal Hormones, Majja Pradoshaja Vikara, Majja, Majjagni, Pituitary Hormones
A Case Report on Management of Non-alcoholic Grade 2 Fatty Liver WSR Yakrit Vikara through Ayurvedic Intervention
One of the most prevalent liver conditions in the world, fatty liver, is typically brought on by lipid build-up, primarily triglycerides in hepatocytes. Although the liver naturally contains fat, fatty liver can develop if the amount of fat exceeds 5–10% of the liver’s total weight. Yakrit (liver) is considered as a crucial organ responsible for digestion, metabolism, detoxification in body. In Ayurveda non-alcoholic grade 2 fatty liver disease can be related with Yakrit Vikara primarily caused by imbalance of Pitta Dosha leading to conditions such as jaundice, fatty liver, liver cirrhosis and hepatitis etc. this case study examines the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of a male patient aged 60 years with complaint of gaseous abdomen, increased body weight, pain in right side of abdomen, and incomplete bowel evacuation since last 2 months. Diagnostic ultrasound report confirmed grade 2 fatty liver in both lobes. He was managed with oral medications including Purnanava Mandoor two tablets twice a day, Arogyavaradhini Vati two tablets twice a day, Capsule Kalamegha one tablet twice a day, Medohara Guggulu two tablets twice a day, Makoi Arka 10 mL once daily (Empty stomach). This case underscores the potential of Ayurveda in managing Grade 2 fatty liver disease by addressing the root cause of the condition and promoting holistic healing approach.
Arogyavaradhini Vati, Ayurveda, Capsule Kalamegha, Makoi Arka, Medohara Guggulu, Purnanava mandoor, Yakrit Vikara
Role of Ayurveda in the Management of Alcohol Addiction: A Case Report
Introduction: When significant doses of ethyl alcohol beverages are consumed on a regular basis for an extended period of time and are accompanied by a morbid need to drink alcohol, it is considered alcohol addiction. Main Clinical Findings: A 45-year-old male who had been drinking for 5 years took a 3-day break. As a result, he began to experience anxiety, weakness, tremors, decreased appetite, and weariness as symptoms of alcohol addiction, along with disrupted mental status and sleep. Diagnosis: The CIWA-Ar scale was used to evaluate the patient’s status. Interventions: The patient was given internal medicine as well as Shirodhara for 1 month. Outcome: For 1 month, he received indoor patient care using a mix of internal pharmaceuticals and Ayurvedic treatments. The patient’s condition, mental illness, and signs and symptoms are all improved by this treatment. Conclusion: As a conclusion, it is imperative that the nation, society, families, addicts, and women who bear the brunt of this issue focus more on de-addiction in a method that yields the best results and has no negative side effects. The World Health Organization (WHO) has released data showing that for people over 15, the annual total amount of pure alcohol consumed per capita is 6.2 L, or 13.5 g, of pure alcohol.[1] In Ayurvedadipika, Acharya Chakrapani said that an Apathya (unwholesome) material is more or less innocuous if it becomes homologous with repeated use, even though it could be poisonous.[2] A person who has quit drinking alcohol experiences Dhvamsaka and Vikshaya if he suddenly resumes excessive alcohol use.[3] This word was also explained by Acharya Kashyap under the Panapkram category.[4] The three management steps that are available are intervention, detoxification, and rehabilitation. Trividh Parikshan, which combines Prashan (questioning), Darshan (visual observation), and Sparshan (tactile sensing), is a special
Alcohol addiction, CIWA Score, Madatya, Shaman Chikitsa, Shirodhara
Pharmaceutico – Evaluation of Pathyadi Varti Anjana Containing Moringa Oleifera Seeds: An Analytical Perspective
Background: Blur vision, particularly due to cataracts, remains a significant global public health concern, especially in rural and underserved populations. Ayurvedic formulations such as Pathyadi Varti (PV), which comprises four potent herbo-mineral ingredients with psycho-physical Kaphahara properties, have shown promise in addressing age-related ocular degeneration. This study evaluates the physicochemical properties, organoleptic characteristics, and phytochemical composition of PV. Material and Methods: PV was prepared following classical Ayurvedic guidelines. Analytical evaluations included organoleptic and physicochemical assessments, qualitative phytochemical screening, and high-performance thin layer chromatography for the detection. Results: Results highlighted PV’s quality, stability, and therapeutic potential. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, proteins/amino acids, and saponins. Conclusion: These findings underscore the potential of PV as a complementary therapeutic agent in cataract management. Its antioxidant properties, combined with the presence of key phytochemicals, suggest a role in mitigating oxidative stress, a key contributor to cataract formation. Integrating such formulations into modern therapeutic strategies may address unmet needs in managing age-related visual impairment. Vision is the most crucial human sense, utilizing over 30% of the brain’s processing capacity. Consequently, the fear of losing eyesight ranks among the top health-related anxieties.[1] Globally, cataracts are the leading cause of treatable blindness. In India, they account for blindness in approximately 0.73% of the population.[2] Research suggests that around 14.25% of older adults in India are affected by cataracts, with higher rates found among women and the elderly.
Anjana, Cataract, High-performance thin layer chromatography, Pathyadi Varti, Phytochemical
Effect of Yogic Interventions on Perceived Stress among Guardians of Pediatric Cancer Patients in Chandigarh
Background: Caregivers of pediatric cancer patients often endure significant psychological stress due to prolonged caregiving demands, emotional strain, and uncertainty related to the child’s prognosis. In India, this burden is further intensified by socioeconomic and healthcare access challenges. While pharmacological treatments for stress exist, there is increasing interest in culturally grounded, holistic interventions such as Yoga for stress alleviation. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an 8-week structured Yogic intervention on perceived stress among guardians of pediatric cancer patients in Chandigarh, India. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-post design was adopted. A purposive sample of 40 guardians (aged 25–60 years) of pediatric cancer patients undergoing treatment at Access Life - HBS Foundation Centre was selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The personal stress source inventory (PSSI) was administered pre- and post-intervention to assess perceived stress levels. Intervention: Participants engaged in a structured Yogic program for 8 weeks, 5 days per week, 60 min per session. The program included opening chanting, warming-up exercises, selected asanas, pranayama (Anulom-Vilom, Bhramari, Nadi Shodhana), and meditation/guided relaxation. Sessions were delivered by certified Yoga therapists and tailored for accessibility. Results: Statistical analysis using paired sample t-tests revealed a significant reduction in perceived stress post-intervention. The mean PSSI score decreased from 50.200 (Standard deviation [SD] = 12.650) to 44.075 (SD = 11.400), with a mean difference of 6.125 (t = 7.611, df = 39, P < 0.0001). The reduction in SD and shift in median from 48.5 to 40.0 suggest more consistent stress alleviation among participants. Histograms and distribution indices indicated a leftward shift in stress scores post-intervention. Conclusion: The findings strongly suggest that structured Yogic interventions are effective in reducing perceived stress among guardians of pediatric cancer patients. The significant improvement in stress levels supports integrating Yoga into psychosocial care frameworks for caregivers in pediatric oncology settings. Future research should explore long-term benefits, potential individual variability in responsiveness, and scalability across diverse cultural and socioeconomic contexts.
Caregiver Burden, Caregivers, Guardians, India, Meditation, Pediatric Cancer, Perceived Stress, Pranayama, Psychosocial Support, Yogic Intervention
A Study on Yogic Intervention and Core Skill Proficiency in Female Adolescent Soccer Players
Background: The increasing participation of adolescent females in competitive soccer highlights the need for comprehensive training approaches that support both skill development and mental well-being. Core soccer skills such as dribbling and passing require not only physical coordination but also cognitive clarity and emotional stability – areas often challenged during adolescence. Yoga, with its integrative approach encompassing physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation, has shown promise in enhancing neuromuscular control and psychological resilience yet remains underexplored within athletic training contexts for adolescent females. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured Yogic intervention in enhancing core soccer skills – specifically dribbling and passing – among female adolescent soccer players. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group design was adopted. Forty female soccer players (aged 14–18) with a minimum of 2 years’ training experience were randomly assigned to a Yogic intervention group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). Skill assessments were conducted using the Mor-Christian General Soccer Skill Test (dribbling) and the McDonald Soccer Test (passing) before and after a 12-week intervention. Intervention: The experimental group underwent a 12-week Yogic training program, 5 days/week, comprising 40-min sessions of sukṣma vyāyāma (10 min), āsanas (15 min), prāṇāyāma (10 min), and dhyāna (5 min). The control group continued routine soccer practice without additional intervention. Results: Post-intervention data revealed significant improvements in the Yogic group for dribbling (mean increase: 6.79 points) and passing skills (mean increase: 5.00 points), with reduced variability across participants. The control group showed only marginal changes. The observed enhancements suggest improved motor coordination, balance, and focus attributable to Yogic practices. Conclusion: The findings affirm that Yogic intervention can significantly improve core soccer skills in adolescent female athletes by enhancing psychomotor control and reducing performance-related inconsistencies. Integrating Yoga into athletic training programs may foster holistic development and offer a valuable complementary tool for skill acquisition, especially during adolescence.
Adolescent, Coordination, Dribbling, Female, Intervention, Passing, Performance, Skill, Soccer, Yoga
Comparative Effects of Unilateral and Bilateral Nostril Breathing on Autonomic Function in Yoga Practitioners and Healthy Male Controls
Background: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a central role in regulating physiological homeostasis, particularly cardiovascular and respiratory responses. Yogic breathing practices, including unilateral nostril breathing (UNB) and bilateral nostril breathing (BNB), have been reported to influence ANS balance. However, differential autonomic responses to these practices in Yoga-trained versus untrained individuals remain insufficiently understood. Aim: This study aims to compare the effects of UNB and BNB techniques on autonomic function, measured through standard cardiovascular autonomic tests, in Yoga practitioners and healthy male controls. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five healthy male participants (age 18–31) were divided into three groups (n = 25 each): Group 1 (UNB practitioners), Group 2 (BNB practitioners), and a control group with no Yoga training. Yoga groups underwent an 8-week intervention consisting of Chandra Nadi (left), Surya Nadi (right), Nadi Shuddhi, Ujjayi, and Bhramari Pranayama. Participants were tested pre- and post-intervention using the following autonomic function tests: Resting heart rate (RHR), deep breathing test (DBT), orthostatic test, and sustained hand grip test (SHGT). Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed via time- and frequency-domain indices, including low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio. Intervention: Yoga groups practiced breathing techniques 5 days a week for 8 weeks under guided instruction. Each session lasted 30–40 min. The control group received no intervention but was subjected to the same assessment schedule. All tests were conducted under fasting and standardized conditions. Results: Significant differences were observed post-intervention between Yoga groups and the control group. Yoga Group 2 (BNB) showed the most pronounced improvement across all parameters. RHR decreased significantly in Yoga groups compared to controls (Group 2: 69.53 ± 4.46 bpm; Control: 79.51 ± 4.74 bpm, P < 0.05). DBT variability increased (Group 2: 19.31 ± 4.19 bpm vs. Control: 12.62 ± 4.31 bpm, P < 0.05), indicating enhanced vagal tone. The Orthostatic Test showed reduced systolic BP response in Yoga groups (Group 2: 7.40 ± 5.16 mm Hg vs. Control: 9.98 ± 5.99 mm Hg), suggesting better baroreceptor sensitivity. SHGT revealed higher systolic reactivity in Yoga groups (Group 2: 18.91 ± 5.13 mm Hg vs. Control: 12.97 ± 5.20 mm Hg), potentially indicating improved sympathetic efficiency under load. HRV analysis showed a shift toward parasympathetic dominance in both Yoga groups, particularly in BNB. Conclusion: Both UNB and BNB practices significantly improve autonomic function, with bilateral breathing exhibiting superior effects. Regular pranayama enhances parasympathetic tone, modulates sympathetic reactivity, and fosters cardiovascular resilience. Yoga practitioners demonstrated greater autonomic adaptability than non practitioners, underscoring the potential of breath-based Yogic interventions as non-pharmacological strategies for improving autonomic health.
Autonomic function, Cardiovascular, Heart rate variability, Heart rate variability, Non-pharmacological, Parasympathetic, Pranayama, Sympathetic, Yoga, nostril breathing
De-addiction through the Lens of Learning Theories: Insights from an Ayurvedic Perspective
De-addiction is a multifaceted process requiring a blend of biological, psychological, and social interventions. While Ayurveda emphasizes holistic healing through body-mind balance, learning theories offer valuable insights into the behavioral and cognitive mechanisms underpinning addiction and recovery. This article explores the application of prominent psychological and sociological learning theories, such as Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning, and others, in understanding and addressing addiction within the framework of Ayurveda.
Effects of Yoga Nidra on Physical, Mental, and Emotional Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Background: Yoga Nidra, a guided relaxation practice that originated in ancient Indian traditions, facilitates profound relaxation while maintaining awareness. Despite increasing interest in its benefits for physical, mental, and emotional health, previous reviews have often incorporated combined interventions, thereby diluting evidence regarding its standalone effects. This systematic review synthesized randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating isolated Yoga Nidra to address these gaps. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted across databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO, from inception to April 2025. Eligible RCTs included adults with health conditions, standalone Yoga Nidra interventions, and comparators. Two reviewers screened the studies, extracted data, and assessed bias using RoB 2. A narrative synthesis outlined the physical, mental, and emotional outcomes, while heterogeneity precluded a meta-analysis. Subgroup/sensitivity analyses and GRADE certainty ratings were also performed. Results: Fifteen RCTs were included to address hypertension, stress, insomnia, and menstrual disorders. The physical benefits included reductions in blood pressure and improvements in heart rate variability in 10 studies. The mental outcomes indicated a decrease in anxiety and depression in 11 studies. Emotional enhancement was observed in six studies. No adverse events were reported; RoB was low in four studies, with some concerns in 11. Conclusion: This systematic review demonstrated that Yoga Nidra exerts a positive influence on physical, mental, and emotional health, with a particular emphasis on reducing anxiety. Despite the limitations posed by study heterogeneity, Yoga Nidra has emerged as a promising evidence-based approach to health promotion. Rigorous and diverse RCTs are necessary to confirm long-term effects and expand the application of integrative care.
Effect of Uttar Basti on Endometrial Thickness and Ovulation in Women with Thin Endometrium
Infertility affects a significant proportion of reproductive-age women globally, and among the various contributing factors, thin endometrium remains a challenging condition to manage. A thin endometrial lining (commonly defined as <7 mm on the day of ovulation) is associated with decreased implantation rates, increased miscarriage rates, and poor outcomes in assisted reproductive technologies. Despite advances in modern medical approaches such as hormonal therapy, intrauterine infusions, and regenerative medicine, many cases remain unresponsive, warranting exploration of complementary interventions. Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, describes several interventions for female reproductive disorders under the umbrella of “Yonivyapad” and “Vandhyatva.” Among these, Uttar Basti, an intrauterine therapeutic procedure, has shown potential in enhancing endometrial thickness and promoting ovulation through its nutritive, anti-inflammatory, and hormonal balancing effects. This review compiles and analyzes available Ayurvedic literature, contemporary clinical studies, and proposed mechanisms of action to assess the efficacy of Uttar Basti in women with thin endometrium. The findings support the potential of Uttar Basti as an effective integrative therapy for improving uterine receptivity and fertility outcomes.
Conceptual Evaluation of Brahmacharya as Supreme Rasayana
Among the three fundamental pursuits of every human being, to live longer has been considered the most primary one. Ayu - “the span of life” depends on proper incorporation of Sharira (physical body), Indriya (sensory organs), Sattva (mind), and Atma (soul), among which Sharira plays the most important role as it hosts the other three factors. The physical body consists of Dosha (functional element), Dhatu (structural element), and Mala (waste portions). To live longer, one needs a sound body and a sound body needs proper regulation and functioning of Doshas and Dhatus. Dhatus are produced within our body from Ahara Rasa by the active participation of Agni. As one former Dhatu partially transforms into the subsequent Dhatu, to maintain the qualitative index of each Dhatu and to achieve more and more optimum Dhatus, proper functioning of Agni is necessary, along with the prevention of erosion within each Dhatu. Ayurvedic texts describe Rasayana as the various ways to achieve Dhatus in their optimal form, which ultimately results in the prevention of senility (Jara Nashanam) along with the alleviation of diseases (Vyadhi Nashanam) as well as other wholesome effects. All these can only be achieved through Rasayana if it is capable of igniting Agni as well as the protection of each Dhatus from erosion. Brahmacharya has been conventionally described as absolute abstinence from sexual activities, although some Ayurvedic scholars considered it as regulated sexual activities. Ayurveda considers Brahmacharya as a type of moral and ethical practice related to social life. Ayurvedic texts refer Brahmacharya as the supreme pathway for achieving longevity of life along with other wholesome effects. For the attainment of such longevity of life, Brahmacharya must act in the same pathway like an ideal Rasayana. The present study conceptually evaluated the wholesome effects of Brahmacharya on our body in line with Rasayana by which it can achieve ignition of Agni and production and sustenance of Dhatus in a more proficient way, which ultimately results in achieving longer life, alleviation of disease, and perfection of body, mind, and intellect.
A Review Article on the Role of Virechana Karma in the Management of Tamak Shwasa (Bronchial Asthma)
Bronchial asthma is an inflammatory disease of the small airways characterized by episodes of dyspnea, chest tightness, wheezing, and coughing, particularly at night or early morning. Environmental conditions such as extreme changes in weather, pollution, smoking, allergens, and many more, it is also a genetically predisposed disease. A similar clinical condition with the name of Shwasa Roga, a disease of Pranavaha Srotas, had been mentioned way back in ancient textbooks of Ayurveda. There are five types of Shwasa Roga mentioned in our classics, in which Tamak Shwasa is elaborately explained with its own etio-pathogenesis, symptoms, aggravating factors, and various treatment modalities. Tamak Shwasa is caused when vitiated Vata gets reversed from its normal direction, i.e., Pratiloma gati of Vayu which vitiates Kapha and causes obstruction of Srotas. For the management of Tamak Shwasa, Ayurveda emphasizes the Samsodhana Chikitsa, especially Virechana Karma.
Healing Young Minds: Ayurvedic Solutions for Screen Addiction in Children – A Critical Evidence-Based Review
Screen addiction is an emerging pediatric behavioral concern with multifaceted effects on cognitive, emotional, and sensory development. This review critically examines the problem through the lens of Ayurvedic concepts such as Vishaya of Mana, Asatmya Indriyartha Samyoga, and Prajnaparadha, integrating them with contemporary findings on neurodevelopmental disruption. A narrative review was conducted using Ayurvedic classical texts and modern databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate), focusing on the terms “screen addiction in children,” “Ayurveda and cognition,” “child behavior,” and “mental health.” This study acknowledges confounding variables such as age, parental supervision, and home environment, which influence the severity and presentation of screen addiction. Specific Ayurvedic interventions are examined with emphasis on age-appropriate applications. These include child-friendly techniques as Yoga and Pranayama according to age (e.g., animal poses, Trataka, Kaphalabhati), validated Rasayana herbs such as Brahmi and Mandukaparni for cognitive enhancement. Behavioral guidelines based on Dinacharya and Sadvritta offer preventive and promotive solutions for restoring mental balance and sensory discipline. The review establishes a link between modern clinical symptoms (e.g., inattention, irritability, poor sleep, and anxiety) and Ayurvedic pathology such as Vata-Pitta and Manovaha Srotas Dushti. By integrating evidence-based modern insights with classical principles, the review proposes a sustainable, context-sensitive framework for managing screen addiction in children.
The Role of Ahara in Maintaining Tridosha Functions and Swasthavritta Practices
In Ayurveda, diet, referred to as Ahara, is considered one of the three essential pillars of life, known as Trayopastambha. It plays a crucial role in maintaining health and preventing illness. Ancient Ayurvedic texts highlight the importance of diet in achieving the functional balance of the Tridoshas–Vata, Pitta, and Kapha–which are responsible for all physiological and psychological processes in the body. An imbalance among these doshas can result in disease, while their proper alignment promotes health and vitality. This review examines the diverse functions of Ahara in sustaining doshic equilibrium and supporting Swasthavritta, the Ayurvedic science focused on health maintenance and disease prevention. It discusses classical concepts such as Ahara Vidhi Vidhana (dietary guidelines), Agni (digestive fire), Viruddha Ahara (incompatible food pairings), as well as the dietary adjustments recommended in response to seasonal changes (Ritucharya) and daily routines (Dinacharya). In addition, this review incorporates modern scientific perspectives, drawing connections between Ayurvedic dietary principles and contemporary ideas such as personalized nutrition, circadian eating regimens, and gut microbiome health. By linking traditional Ayurvedic knowledge with modern nutrition science, the paper emphasizes the importance of individualized, mindful, and context-specific dietary practices in fostering doshic balance, enhancing digestion, and promoting long term wellness. The conclusions suggest that integrating Ayurvedic dietary principles into current preventive health strategies may provide a sustainable and comprehensive approach to overall health and well-being.
Non-Surgical Ayurvedic Management of Hemorrhagic Ovarian Cyst: A Case Report
Hormonal balance is essential throughout a woman’s life, from menarche to menopause. Any disruption in the regulation of ovarian hormones, especially involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, can have a profound impact on a woman’s physical, emotional, and reproductive well-being. Unhealthy dietary habits and modern lifestyle patterns often contribute to hormonal imbalances, increasing the risk of ovarian cyst development. Hemorrhagic ovarian cysts are among the most frequently encountered types in routine gynecological practice. Although many cases resolve on their own without treatment, more severe instances may require surgical intervention. A 17-year-old female visited the outpatient department with symptoms of irregular menstrual cycles associated with lower abdominal pain and weight gain. Ultrasonography (USG) was advised and finding suggested a right-sided hemorrhagic ovarian cyst. She was treated for 3 months using traditional Ayurvedic formulations such as Chitrakagranthikadi Kashayam, Syp Womalyn, and Kanchnar guggulu tablets aimed at reducing symptoms and promoting cyst resolution. Only traditional Ayurvedic medicines were administered throughout the treatment period. Follow-up USG revealed complete resolution of the cyst, along with significant improvement in the patient’s symptoms. Although most hemorrhagic ovarian cysts resolve on their own, the supportive role of Ayurveda in symptom management and cyst resolution as seen in this case suggests that it can serve as a viable, non-invasive alternative to conventional approaches.
Management of the Koshtha Shakhashrita Kamala: A Case Report
Jaundice is characterized by yellowing of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes due to elevated bilirubin levels, often resulting from liver dysfunction. In Ayurveda, it is correlated with Kamala, a disorder caused by Pitta Dosha imbalance affecting the liver and peripheral tissues. This case study explores the potential of Ayurvedic approaches, including detoxification, herbo-mineral medicine, and dietary regulations in managing hepatocellular jaundice. A 50-year-old female patient presented with abdominal pain, fatigue, yellowish discoloration of the eyes and skin, and loss of appetite. Laboratory investigations revealed increased bilirubin levels, confirming jaundice. The patient was diagnosed with Koshta Shakhashrita Kamala based on clinical symptoms such as yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes, abdominal pain, yellow stool, weakness, loss of appetite, as mentioned by Acharya Charak, and liver function test reports. Elevated bilirubin levels were found (total bilirubin – 4.22 mg/dL, direct – 0.72 mg/ dL, indirect – 3.50 mg/dL), indicating liver dysfunction rest all other parameters were normal. The Ayurvedic treatment plan included detoxification, herbo-mineral formulations, and lifestyle modifications. Mridu Virechana (mild purgative therapy) was administered to eliminate excess Pitta Dosha and restore liver function. The patient was prescribed Arogyavardhini Vati, Sharpunkha Churna, Giloy Churna, Bhumyamalaki Churna, Punarnava Mandoor, and Triphala Churna for their hepatoprotective and detoxifying properties. Dietary modifications and lifestyle adjustments were also recommended. The patient demonstrated marked clinical improvement, with total bilirubin levels decreasing from 4.22 mg/dL to 1.9 mg/dL. Similarly, direct bilirubin levels declined from 0.72 mg/dL to 0.13 mg/dL, and indirect bilirubin levels reduced from 3.50 mg/dL to 0.43 mg/dL. Symptoms, including fatigue and abdominal discomfort, were significantly alleviated, contributing to an improved quality of life. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and timely intervention in jaundice management. Integrating Ayurvedic detoxification methods, herbo-mineral formulations, and dietary modifications can effectively support liver function and promote recovery. Ayurveda offers a promising approach to managing jaundice and improving liver health.