Advances in Applied Biological Research is an esteemed open-access journal dedicated to the swift dissemination of high-impact research in the field of applied biological sciences. Our mission is to advance knowledge and innovation across various applied biological disciplines by publishing original, high-quality research that addresses real-world challenges and contributes to scientific and practical advancements. Scope: The journal covers a broad spectrum of applied biological fields, including: Agriculture: Research focused on improving crop yield, pest management, and sustainable farming practices. Veterinary Sciences: Studies related to animal health, disease management, and veterinary advancements. Medical Sciences: Innovative research on diagnostics, treatment methods, and biomedical applications. Ecology and Environmental Sciences: Investigations into ecosystem dynamics, environmental conservation, and climate change impacts. Biotechnology: Cutting-edge research in genetic engineering, molecular biology, and biotechnological applications. Biochemistry: Advances in understanding biological processes at a molecular level, including enzymology and metabolic pathways. Key Features: Original Research Papers: Detailed studies that contribute novel findings and advance the field. Short Communications: Brief reports on significant or timely findings that offer insights into emerging trends. Review Articles: Comprehensive reviews providing critical overviews of specific topics within applied biological research, synthesizing current knowledge, and identifying future research directions. Technical Notes: Reports on innovative techniques or methodologies that enhance research practices and applications. Peer Review Process: All manuscripts submitted to Advances in Applied Biological Research undergo a stringent double-blind peer-review process to ensure the highest standards of scientific quality and integrity. Our expert reviewers evaluate submissions based on their originality, significance, and methodological rigor. Open Access Commitment: We are committed to providing unrestricted access to all published research, ensuring that valuable scientific knowledge is freely available to researchers, practitioners, and the global scientific community. By promoting open access, we facilitate greater collaboration and accelerate the translation of research findings into practical applications. Submission Information: Authors are encouraged to submit manuscripts that align with the journal’s focus areas. Detailed submission guidelines and procedures are available on our website. For any inquiries or further assistance, please contact us at acspublisher@gmail.com or via WhatsApp at +91 8459080899. Advances in Applied Biological Research invites researchers, scholars, and practitioners to contribute to our journal and engage in advancing the frontiers of applied biological science.
Integrating Ayurvedic Therapies in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: A Case Report on Symptom Improvement and Renal Function Enhancement
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10–15% of adults globally and is often underdiagnosed due to limitations in standard serum creatinine assessments. This case report presents a 56-year-old male with a 1.5-year history of CKD and 5 years of hypertension, treated at Jeena Sikho Lifecare Limited Hospital, Derabassi, with a comprehensive Ayurvedic regimen including medicines and Panchakarma therapies. The patient showed marked improvement in multiple clinical parameters: pedal oedema decreased from grade 4˚ to 1˚, pain resolved completely (3/10 to 0/10), sleep quality improved from 3/10 to 7/10, and itching, initially rated 6/10, was fully alleviated. Vital signs stabilized, with blood pressure maintained at 120/80 mmHg, and body weight reduced from 82 kg to 73 kg, reflecting positive effects of lifestyle and dietary modifications. Laboratory investigations demonstrated gradual improvement and stabilization, with haemoglobin ranging from 7.1 to 9.3 gm/dL, urea decreasing from 200.85 mg/dL to 66.5 mg/dL, creatinine improving from 7.25 mg/dL to 5.61 mg/dL, and uric acid declining from 9.87 mg/dL to 6.87 mg/dL. Overall, the patient achieved normalization of clinical and laboratory parameters, highlighting the potential of Ayurveda as a safe, cost-effective, and integrative approach for managing CKD, particularly for patients seeking holistic healthcare solutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Advances in Applied Biological Research
Effectiveness of Ayurvedic and Panchakarma Therapies in Managing Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case Study Report
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as a progressive disease that affects the overall health of kidney. CKD is diagnosed in five stages based on its symptoms and the structure and function of kidney. CKD can be significantly influenced by several lifestyle factors. Poor dietary habits, such as high intake of salt, sugar, unhealthy fats, and processed foods, contribute to obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, key risk factors for CKD. Hence, the CKD treatment requires a multifaceted approach including adopting a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet, regular exercise, stress management, and proper hydration. This case report focuses on a 31-year-old female patient with CKD for 2 years and hypertension for 6 months who received Ayurvedic treatment at Jeena Sikho Lifecare Limited Hospital, Derabassi. The treatment method administered on her was a combination of customized Ayurveda and Panchakarma therapies, resulting in significant progresses in her symptoms, kidney health and function, and general life quality. After 7 days of IPD, the patient showed improvement in Blood Urea and Serum Creatinine, also reported relief from periorbital swelling and other symptoms. This study highlights the potential of Ayurveda as an economical alternative to conventional treatments, especially for individuals with limited financial resources who face challenges in accessing advanced healthcare. While the results are encouraging, further research with larger randomized controlled trials is essential to assess the effectiveness and safety of Ayurvedic treatments for CKD.
Tinospora cordifolia GCMS profiling and cytotoxic effect on HCT 116- In vitro assay
An assessment of Tinospora cordifolia extract’s (TCE) antimicrobial and antioxidant properties was undertaken in light of its possible application as cytotoxic against HCT116. Compounds from the stem were Soxhlet extracted with ethyl acetate and identified through GCMS. Antibacterial, antioxidant and HCT cytotoxicity of extract was studied by conventional standard methods. The GC–MS profile highlights a chemically diverse phytochemical composition, with both major and minor compounds potentially responsible for natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent. The extract has broad spectrum antibacterial activity at concentration dependent manner against both Gram positive and negative clinical pathogens with relative inhibition 83 to 107%. Among the tested antioxidant assay the extract showed the strongest DPPH scavenging with an IC₅₀ value of 12.07 µg/mL, which, although higher than the standard ascorbic acid. Treatment of HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells with TCE resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability. Nonlinear regression analysis of the MTT assay revealed an IC₅₀ value of 359 µg/ml, with viability decreasing from ~80% at 300 µg/ml to <10% at 900–1000 µg/ml. Morphological examination and apoptosis assays further confirmed that cell death was predominantly apoptotic nature of cancerous cells. The molecular docking of compounds 2-Fluoro-3-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid found to be strongest binding affinity and non-toxic drug likeness identified as promising new anticancer compound.
A Review on Hybrid Closed Loop Insulin Delivery System
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a habitual autoimmune condition taking lifelong insulin remedy. Conventional approaches like multiple quotidian injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion are limited by hypoglycaemia trouble, glycaemic variability, and patientburden. Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, particularly crossbred unrestricted- circle (HCL) systems, integrate continuous glucose monitoring, insulin pumps, and control algorithms to optimize insulin delivery. HCL systems automate rudimentary insulin and correction boluses, taking manual mess boluses, and haves hown significant benefits, including increased time- in- range (TIR), lower HbA1c, reduced hypoglycaemia, and enhanced quality of life. These benefits are seen across different populations, including children, grown- ups, and pregnant women. Despite these advancements, limitations remain, analogous as mess gelcap dependence, delayed post- mess glucose control, sensor delicacy issues, cost, and specialized malfunctions. fully unrestricted- circle systems are being developed to count manual input and further mimic physiological insulin regulation. With ongoing advances,HCL systems represent a significant step toward a fully independent artificial pancreas, offering bettered glycaemic control, safety, and quality of life for individualities with T1DM. These systems have the eventuality to revise diabetes operation and meliorate patientissues.
Green synthesis and characterization of Zinc oxide nanoparticle with polyspice extractantioxidant and antibacterial potential against oral pathogens
Because it is environmentally beneficial, the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles utilizing medicinal plants is growing quickly. The polyspice extract made by soxhlet extraction with ethylacetate is used in this research to create zinc oxide nanoparticles. GCMS and qualitative phytochimcal analysis were carried out. ZnONP and extract antioxidant activities were measured and compared to a standard. Using the disc diffusion approach, an antibacterial experiment was conducted against oral pathogens. Polyspice was found to include alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenol. Ten distinct secondary compounds were detected using GCMS. UV-Vis Spectroscopy analysis was used to describe the synthesized NPs, with a peak detected at 396-398 nm. SEM with EDX analysis verified the NPs’ spherical form 30-98 nm and the primary constituents are oxygen and zinc. At 50–100 µg levels, ZnO NPs inhibition assay on DPPH, metal chelation, and hydroxyl radical activity demonstrates good inhibition against free radicals. The ZnONPs that were biosynthesized showed higher antibacterial effectiveness than the standard at least 25µg, which is equivalent to standard chlorohexidine. The pattern of the nanoparticles’ antibacterial activity against the chosen bacteria was P. gingivalis, S. mutans, and Fusobacterium sp. According to the study’s findings, synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles with a spice extract is an economical and environmentally responsible way to produce green ZnO nanoparticles that have strong anti-oxidant and anti-microbial properties against oral infections.
The Heritage on Our Plates: Reviving Traditional Diets for Modern Wellbeing
Traditional dietary patterns, developed over centuries, offer balanced nutrient profiles, cultural sustainability, and health benefits that are increasingly relevant in addressing modern diet-related chronic diseases. With rising rates of non communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity, global interest in diets like the Mediterranean, Indian traditional, Japanese and Nordic patterns has surged. These diets are rich in whole grains, fresh vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, healthy fats and fermented foods and low in processed sugars and trans fats. This review synthesizes recent literature (2018–2025) on the nutrient composition, health outcomes and potential integration strategies of traditional diets in contemporary health systems. Also explore the challenges of preserving cultural dietary practices in an era dominated by fast food and ultra-processed products. Data indicate that adopting traditional diets can reduce cardiovascular risk by up to 30%, improve glycaemic control, and support gut microbiota diversity, leading to improved overall well-being. The review concludes with recommendations for policymakers, healthcare providers, and individuals to adapt and sustain these dietary patterns in the modern context.
Evaluation of cardio protective Phytochemicals from Phyllanthus maderaspatensis- an in vitro, in vivo and in silico approach
Background: Plants are used as complementary and alternative medicine for a variety of conditions, regardless of their crude or as their separated pharmacological components. The purpose of this study was to assess in vitro antioxidant and in vivo cardio protective of the Phyllanthus maderaspatensis. Methodology: Quantitative analysis and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical study based on solvent method of extraction were carried out. Using the conventional method of antioxidant assay among the leaf extract were ascertained. Isoproterenol (ISO)-treated rats were used for in vivo experiment to check the effect of plant extract on cardio protective bio markers. Results. There is an increased total antioxidant activity of extract found in a dose-dependent manner. At 50 μg, 19-24% activity and at 400 μg, 79-84% scavenging potential was recorded. The rats receiving the extract showed a decrease in heart weight and an increase in body weight. The mean concentration of cardiac troponin (cTn) T/I in the serum of rats treated with the standard drug reduced effectively (1.13±0.07/0.64±0.05 ng/mL), whereas significantly by the extract (1.25±0.19/0.72±0.08 ng/mL). The creatine kinase MB (CKMB) of the standard was significant at 78.33±6.26IU, and the extract was 83.35±7.51IU. The data showed increased values among the standard and extract compared to the control group but were found to be significantly (p < 0.001) decreased among the treated groups. Compared to negative control animals (healthy rats), isoproterenol (ISO)-treated rats had significantly increased levels of aspartate myocardial cell damage. After 5 weeks of treatment, in comparison to those in the positive control (PC), extract-treated rats had significantly (p <0.05) elevated levels of serum AST, alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Recovery from ISO-induced electrophysiological abnormalities was confirmed by decreased serum cardioprotective markers, mainly troponin and CKMB. The damage to the heart tissues was significantly reduced and found closer to control and standard drug-treated groups at doses of 200 mg/kg body weight (bwt). The data confirm that the cardioprotective benefits are attributed to the presence of antioxidant components in the extract of Phyllanthus maderaspatensis.
Study on Biomedical activity of stem and leaf extraction of Heliotropium marifolium (J. Kocnig ex Retz.)
New anti-diabetic compounds can be obtained from Indian herbal remedies, which are employed in the ancient Ayurvedic approach to manage hyperglycemia. A common medicinal plant, H. marifolium is a significant reservoir of compounds with potent antioxidant action. The main objective of the study was to find out the anti-inflammatory activities, antioxidant and antidiabetic effect of selected medicinal plant. Conventional parameters such as DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide radical, nitric oxide, and hydrogenperoxide assay were performed. The chromogenic iodine technique was used to quantitatively determine the activity of extracts in relation to amylase inactivation. At 250µg, the leaves extraction had a much stronger scavenge action (>75%) than the stem extraction (<75%). Both samples exhibited dose-related enhancements in antioxidant activity. When compared to its standard a low scavenging activity at 50µg concentration and comparable scavenging activity at 300µg was recorded among extract. One of the well-established roots of inflammation, protein denaturation, was successfully controlled by the use of the extract. Both extracts were discovered to have a non steroidal anti-inflammatory activity. Additionally antidiabetic study shows that the standard inhibitor, acarbose, has an least IC50 value of 122.37 μgml-1, following that the leaf and stem extracts (187.30 μg ml-1 and 209.26 μg ml-1, respectively). The data confirms that the primary compounds found in stem and leaf extracts may promote the effectiveness of antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant nature of the plant.
Sustainable Food Systems in India: A Pathway to Overcoming Food Insecurity
With a population of 1.43 billion, India surpassed China in 2023 to become the most populous country, accounting for nearly 18% of the world’s total population. This surge has raised major concerns, including increased pressure on natural re sources, rising unemployment, strain on healthcare and education systems, urban overcrowding and environmental degradation. One of the most pressing challeng es is ensuring sustainable food systems that can meet the nutritional needs of this vast population without compromising the environment. Despite major advance ments in India’s agricultural sector and a rise in food crop production, the nation continues to face challenges in ensuring a sufficient food supply for its entire pop ulation. Many Indians continue to experience food insecurity and hunger, contrib uting to the double burden of malnutrition, marked by a high prevalence of under nutrition alongside a growing incidence of obesity, largely driven by poor dietary quality. Given these challenges, transitioning to a sustainable food system is not just desirable but essential for India. A sustainable food system has the potential to simultaneously improve nutrition, protect the environment, support livelihoods and ensure equitable access to food. However, achieving this requires addressing systemic obstacles while leveraging the opportunities offered by innovation, tradi tional knowledge and policy reform. This review aims to explore the current status of India’s food system, examine the opportunities for promoting sustainability and identify key barriers that hinder progress.
Deep Vein Thrombosis associated with Cesarean Delivery: An Overview Illustrative Study
The risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in women is strongly associated with pregnancy, the risk increasing by 5 to 10 times. This risk then gradually increases until it peaks during and after delivery. Blood clots are one of the most feared complications after childbirth. They usually occur in the legs or pelvis and can dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing pulmonary embolism. It can be controlled on this state by using blood-thinning medications to avoid death. This problem occurs as one complication of a cesarean section, which involves a surgical technique for delivering a baby through an incision in the abdomen and uterus. It is performed as an alternative to vaginal delivery. Although the risk of venous thromboembolism increases with surgical delivery, there is no consensus on the prevention of clots after cesarean section.
Risk for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Background: One of the most frequent side effects of individuals with poorly managed type 2 diabetes is ulcers in their feet caused by diabetes. It is typically brought about by inadequate care for the feet, blood vessel disease with intrinsic nerve damage, or low blood sugar levels. It additionally serves as one of the leading causes of limb loss and bone disease within the leg. Objective: to assess Risk for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Materials and Procedures: A descriptive study conducted at Al-Hilla Teaching Hospital to assess Risk for Diabetic Foot among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Data collection take place from December 15, 2023, to February 30, 2024. The questionnaire’s validity was ensured through expert review Results: The high percentage %62 (50-60) years of age between (20-30) years, regarding the sex the result recorded 26(52.0) were female ,11(22.0) was post graduate regarding educational status, the result recorded 43(86.0) were married, related to occupation the result recorded 37 (74.0) were unemployed, and 13(26.0) were unemployed, related to residency the result recorded 31(62.0) were urban resident. Conclusions: highlights the significance of the study’s findings regarding diabetes foot risk among female, with old age play significant function in the progression of type two diabetic foot ulcers patient.
Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density among elderly Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Babil 2025
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with various complications, including potential impacts on bone health. Although elderly patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus may exhibit normal bone mineral density they are paradoxically at a higher risk for fractures. The underlying mechanisms remain multifactorial, involving glycaemic control, hormonal regulation, and nutrient deficiencies. Objective: To evaluate bone mineral density in elderly patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and investigate its relationship with glycaemic control, vitamin D levels, and calcium status.Patients and Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on 46 patients above 65 years of age in Merjan teaching hospital babil, Iraq, from May 2024 to May 2025. Data collected included demographics, HbA1c levels, serum vitamin D and calcium, and bone mineral density measured via DEXA scans at the spine and hips. Results: Osteoporosis was present in 54.3% of patients, with 34.8% of patients were classified as osteopenic. The majority of patients were females. A positive correlation was found between HbA1c and DEXA scan T-scores (r = 0.313, p = 0.034), patients with poor glycaemic control (mean HbA1c = 9.2%) had a higher prevalence of osteoporosis. No significant correlations were found between bone mineral density (Dexa T-scores) and serum vitamin D (r = -0.057, p = 0.705) or calcium levels (r = -0.080, p = 0.597). The right hip showed the highest site-specific prevalence of osteoporosis (41.3%).Conclusions: Osteoporosis is highly prevalent among elderly patients, particularly women. Poor glycemic control (high HbA1c) and increasing age are significantly associated with lower bone density. Recommendation: DEXA scans of multiple sites, especially the spine and hips, are essential for detecting osteoporosis in this population.
Role of Vitamin C in Health and Disease: A Comprehensive Review
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin with vital roles in human health. It functions as a potent antioxidant, supports the immune system, aids in collagen synthesis, and enhances iron absorption. The deficiency of vitamin C leads to scurvy, while its adequate intake is associated with numerous health benefits, including reduced risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Supplementation with vitamin C appears to be able to both prevent and treat respiratory and systemic infections. This review provides an analysis of the role of vitamin C in health and disease, its dietary sources, recommended intake, and its therapeutic applications based on recent literature.
Role of DIP Diet in Managing Blood Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia Major: A Case Study of Integrative Therapies”
Thalassemia Major, a severe genetic blood disorder, necessitates frequent blood transfusions to manage low hemoglobin levels. This case highlights the recovery journey of Dibyanshu Pani, a 4-year-old boy from Odisha, diagnosed with Blood Transfusion Dependent Thalassemia Major in April 2023. Initially treated at SCB Medical College, Cuttack, and subsequently in Mumbai, Dibyanshu underwent frequent transfusions every 20 days to maintain his hemoglobin levels, which fluctuated between 5 and 9. In July 2023, his family opted for an alternative approach under Dr. Namita’s guidance, incorporating integrative therapies such as the DIP Diet, Living Water Therapy, Sunlight Exposure, and HWI Therapy. Remarkably, Dibyanshu’s condition stabilized, reducing his dependence on transfusions. By October 2023, his hemoglobin levels were maintained between 6.8 and 7.5 without regular transfusions. His family’s adherence to integrative therapies transformed his prognosis, with the frequency of transfusions decreasing to once every eight months. In August 2024, a sudden episode of diarrhea necessitated a single transfusion. Today, Dibyanshu leads a healthy life, free from medications, following a holistic lifestyle. This case underscores the potential of integrative therapies in managing chronic conditions like Thalassemia Major, reducing medical dependence, and improving quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2024 Advances in Applied Biological Research
Evaluating the Efficacy of Ayurvedic Treatments in Stage V Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case Report
Chronic Kidney Disease, Ayurveda, Mutraaghaata symptoms significantly improved. The patient’s key laboratory parameters, such as serum creatinine, urea, and serum uric acid, also showed marked improvement, trending toward normal levels at the time of discharge. The treatment regimen included Ayurvedic oral medications like Tab. Asthipurak, Tab. Chander Vati, Renal Support syrup, and GFR powder, complemented by Panchakarma procedures such as Awgaha Swedan, Matra Basti, Kashaya Basti, and Shiroabhyanga. The results of this case indicate that Ayurvedic interventions can lead to significant improvements in both biochemical markers and clinical symptoms in patients with Stage V CKD. These findings suggest that Ayurveda may offer a promising complementary or alternative approach to conventional CKD treatment, highlighting the need for further research in this area
Exploring the Versatility of Bacillus spp. Secondary Metabolites: its mode of action and application in various field
Bacillus spp. is a rich source of various Secondary Metabolites (SMs) that are used for diverse purposes. These include lipopeptides, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides and many more which possess strong antimicrobial, antifungal and insecticidal properties thereby making them useful ingredients for biotechnology, agriculture, cosmetics, healthcare and food preservation. This review provides an overview on the current understanding of Bacillus SM’s diversity that has been overlooked to some extent as well as their mode-of-action and application prospects. Recent technological advancements—such as metagenomics, synthetic biology, CRISPR-Cas9, machine learning, microfluidics, and high-throughput screening—have accelerated discoveries and optimized SM production. The use of SMs as plant growth promoting compound in agriculture controlling pathogens while may also have pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic applications. Furthermore, they possess a broad range of industrial applications, including use in detergents and food preservatives, offering more versatility and environmental friendliness compared to chemical alternatives. Though there has been significant progress there still exist major knowledge gaps in regulation and ecological roles played by SMs that need to be addressed through research. As we uncover the secrets behind the production and various application of SMs, microorganisms can become effective allies in addressing global challenges for a healthier, more sustainable planet.
Ethnomedicinal Plant Treatment Practices in Vouge for Curing Different Ailments in the Villages of Alluru Sitarama Raju District, the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India
This paper deals with the Ethno medicinal treatment practices for treating different types of ailments. The present survey comprises of totally fifty Ethno-medicinal formulae which provides information in detail on the therapeutic values of 34 plant species belonging to 31 genera and 24 families, covering 21 different ailments or health exigencies. Information on botanical names, vernacular names, families, plant parts & used methods of preparation of drugs as well administration are presented in a detailed manner. The Information collected in this study would act as vital data for scientific community.
Molecular Identification of Family Colubridae from Punjab, Pakistan
The present one year study was extended from May 2019 to March 2020 was conducted in selected sites of Punjab. This study focuses on the molecular identification and morphometric analysis of two snake species, Platyceps rhodorachis (Cliff Racer) and Amphiesma stolatum (Buff Striped Keelback) collected from selected sites in Punjab, Pakistan. Each captured specimen was tagged with specific number and identified using morphological keys. Total genomic DNA was extracted from preserved tissues and amplified using COI primers set. After trimming ambiguous bases, the obtained COI fragments of Platyceps rhodorachis was 668 bp while fragments of Amphiesma stolatum was 639 bp. The COI fragments aligned with available sequence from NCBI comprised of 620 bp. The DNA sequences have shown reliable and exact species identification. The mean intraspecific identities of Platyceps rhodorachis (Cliff Racer) and Amphiesma stolatum (buff striped keelback) was 0.11±0.01 and respectively based of p-distance. Different molecular markers have been used in this study. Platyceps rhodorachis and Amphiesma Solatum successfully amplified using COI gene. It can be concluded that, identification of reptiles on morphological basis is still considered authentic. However, large scale molecular analysis of these taxa is required for exact species identification and to report any new species from area.
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from the Oral Cavity of Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis)
The current research was carried out in the Kasur district, Punjab, Pakistan with the duration of July 2021 to June 2022. The purpose of study was to isolate and identify the bacterial community in the oral cavity of monitor lizard (Varanus bengalensis). As monitor lizards are ectotherm reptiles so they spent most of their winter season from November to March in hibernation. So, sampling is done before and after the hibernation period. Ten specimens were captured from the study area by the direct encounter and also using hand nets and pitfall traps. The collected samples were transferred to the University of Veterinary Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki at the Postgraduate Lab, Department of Wildlife and Ecology. Specimens were handled with care to aviod injury. The cotton-tipped swab stick was used to collect a saliva sample from the oral cavity by using a sterile mouth gag. At least three cotton swab samples were taken from each specimen.Each swab sample was stored in sterile buffered peptone water in falcon tubes at -4º C. The solution from the tubes was streaked over Nutrient agar (NA), Mannitol Salt (MS) agar, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar and Trypticase Soya agar with 5% Sheep Blood agar. All of the plates were cultured at 36±°C in an incubator for 24–48 hours. Gram staining was used to identify descriptive colony morphology. Isolates were identified primarily based on colony morphology on selective media, Gram nature, motility test, and pigment production. For possible identification, the selected colonies were sub-cultured on nutrient agar and Trypticase Soya agar (TSA). After that, isolated biochemical tests were carried out in order to identify them. Three most abundant bacterial species were investigated in present study including Salmonela typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa their relative abundance would be statisticaly analyzed. Accordingly Salmonela typhi contained 43.33%, Staphylococcus aureus contained 46.67% and Pseudomonas aeruginosa contained 13.33%.
CO-1 gene-based DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis of genus Columba from Kasur, Pakistan
The present study was conducted from July to December, 2021 to find out phylogenetic relationship among different species of pigeons captured from different sites of district Kasur. The live specimens were shifted to the Avian Conservation and Research Center (ACRC), Department of Wildlife and Ecology, UVAS for molecular analysis. All the specimens were morphologically identified via classical taxonomic keys. The blood samples were collected into EDTA tubes by puncturing the brachial vein. Salt extraction was used to isolate DNA from whole blood samples. An agarose gel electrophoresis was used to confirm the DNA's purity and quantification was done through Nano drop-One. All the DNA samples were Sanger sequences on 13730XL DNA Analyzer from Korea. After trimming bases, the obtained COI fragments were 675 bp. The obtained DNA sequences were submitted to Genbank and accession numbers were obtained (OL774678, OL778850, OL778945 and OL780846). The obtained DNA sequences have shown clear species identification of all the captured specimens. Closely related DNA sequences were downloaded in Blast searches from the NCBI and incorporated in the Neighbour-joining tree. Neighbour-joining tree was constructed based on p-distance using MEGA 10.0. The whole genetic divergence of Columba livia and Columba rupestris was 0.003±0.001 and 0.014±0.004 respectively. It was concluded that more studies related to DNA barcoding should be done to find any new or subspecies from study area.
Pharmacophore Generation and Structure-Based Strategies For Nnrti Development Against HIV-1 Rt
The development of Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) is critical in combating HIV-1 due to the virus’s high mutation rate and resistance to current therapies. This study aims to identify potential NNRTIs through pharmacophore generation and structure-based drug design, focusing on the interaction of candidate molecules with HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT). Using molecular docking, three ligands, ZINC000002416705, ZINC000002416703, and ZINC000014171386, were analyzed for their binding affinity, inhibition constants, and interactions with key active site residues. The need for this study arises from the ongoing challenge of drug resistance in HIV treatment. To identify and evaluate potential NNRTIs against HIV-1 RT using structure-based pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking. HIV-1 RT was prepared by removing non-essential molecules, and ligand structures were retrieved and optimized. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock, and interactions were analyzed using Biovia Discovery Studio. ZINC000002416705 exhibited the highest binding affinity (-8.66 kcal/mol) with significant hydrophobic interactions, though it lacked interaction with critical active site residues. ZINC000002416703 showed strong binding (-7.77 kcal/mol) and lower inhibition constant but no hydrogen bonding. ZINC000014171386, with a binding energy of -7.19 kcal/mol, directly interacted with key residues Lys101, Val106, and Cys181, demonstrating a potential as an effective NNRTI. ZINC000014171386 emerged as a promising NNRTI candidate, with binding characteristics comparable to the standard drug Nevirapine, warranting further investigation and optimization.
Effect of General Difference in Personality Traits and Attitude among Male and Female Students: A Review
This comprehensive review delves into the intriguing realm of personality traits and attitudes among male and female students. Personality traits signify unique individual qualities, while attitudes reveal the intricate interplay of emotions, beliefs, and cognitive patterns. The spotlight shines on the renowned "Big Five" personality traits: extraversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism, as these profound aspects exert their influence on thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. The research passionately underscores the profound relevance of these traits and attitudes in prognosticating diverse life outcomes, encompassing triumphant vocational pursuits and overall well-being. Moreover, the study fearlessly embarks on an exploration of how these traits and attitudes intricately intertwine with the audacious world of entrepreneurship and the journey into self-employment. Additionally, the research passionately unravels gender disparities, unveiling evidence that males often display heightened assertiveness, aggression, and reduced anxiety when contrasted with their female counterparts. This invaluable understanding of the distinctions provides a cornucopia of insights, nurturing personal and professional growth, and beckoning forth a resolute, comprehensive, and all-inclusive approach to unraveling the enigmas of social and psychological research.